Introduction to the principle, performance and application of lithium batteries

A lithium battery is a type of battery using a lithium metal or a lithium alloy as a negative electrode material and using a nonaqueous electrolyte solution. The earliest lithium battery came from the great inventor Edison, using the following reaction: Li + MnO2 = LiMnO2 The reaction is a redox reaction, discharge. Due to the very active chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage and use of lithium metal are very demanding on the environment. Therefore, lithium batteries have not been used for a long time. Now lithium batteries have become mainstream.

Lithium battery material

Lithium battery anode materials are roughly divided into the following types:

The first is carbon anode material:

At present, the anode materials actually used for lithium ion batteries are basically carbon materials, such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, mesocarbon microspheres, petroleum coke, carbon fiber, pyrolysis resin carbon, and the like.

The second is tin-based anode material:

Tin-based anode materials can be classified into tin oxides and tin-based composite oxides. Oxide refers to an oxide of various valence metal tins. There are currently no commercial products.

The third type is a lithium-containing transition metal nitride anode material, and there are currently no commercial products.

The fourth type is alloy anode material:

Including tin-based alloys, silicon-based alloys, bismuth-based alloys, aluminum-based alloys, bismuth-based alloys, magnesium-based alloys and other alloys, there are currently no commercial products.

The fifth type is a nano-scale anode material: carbon nanotubes, nano-alloy materials.

The sixth nanomaterial is nano-oxide material: At present, Hefei Xiangzheng Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. based on the latest development of the market development of lithium battery new energy industry in 2009, many companies have begun to use nano titanium oxide and nano silicon oxide to add to the traditional Graphite, tin oxide, and carbon nanotubes greatly increase the amount of charge and discharge and the number of charge and discharge cycles of lithium batteries.

The main advantages of lithium-ion batteries

1. The energy ratio is relatively high. With high storage energy density, it has reached 460-600Wh/kg, which is about 6-7 times of lead-acid battery;

2, long service life, the service life can reach more than 6 years, lithium iron phosphate is the positive battery 1C (100% DOD) charge and discharge, there are records that can be used 10,000 times;

3, the rated voltage is high (the single working voltage is 3.7V or 3.2V), which is equal to the series voltage of 3 nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen rechargeable batteries, which is convenient for forming a battery power pack;

4, with high power bearing capacity, which lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery for electric vehicles can achieve 15-30C charge and discharge capacity, easy to start high-intensity acceleration;

5, the self-discharge rate is very low, which is one of the most outstanding advantages of the battery, currently can generally be 1% / month or less, less than 1 / 20 of nickel-hydrogen battery;

6, light weight, the weight of the same volume is about 1/5-6 of lead-acid products;

7, high temperature and low adaptability, can be used in the environment of -20 ° C -60 ° C, after the process of processing, can be used in -45 ° C environment;

8. Green and environmental protection, no matter whether it is produced, used or scrapped, it does not contain any toxic and harmful heavy metal elements and substances such as lead, mercury and cadmium.

9. Production basically does not consume water, which is very beneficial for China that lacks water.

Specific energy refers to the energy per unit weight or unit volume. The specific energy is expressed in Wh/kg or Wh/L. Wh is the unit of energy, W is watt, h is hour; kg is kilogram (weight unit), and L is liter (volume unit).

Disadvantages of lithium batteries

1. Lithium primary batteries are in poor safety and there is a danger of explosion.

2. The lithium ion battery of lithium cobalt oxide can not discharge at a large current, and the safety is poor.

3, lithium-ion batteries need to protect the line to prevent the battery from being overcharged and discharged.

4. High production requirements and high cost.

Lithium battery characteristics

1, high energy density

The weight of a lithium-ion battery is half that of a nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen battery of the same capacity, and the volume is 20-30% of nickel cadmium and 35-50% of nickel-hydrogen.

2, high voltage

A lithium-ion battery cell operates at 3.7V (average), which is equivalent to three nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen batteries connected in series.

3, no pollution

Lithium-ion batteries do not contain harmful metal substances such as cadmium, lead, and mercury.

4, no metal lithium

Lithium-ion batteries do not contain lithium metal and are therefore not subject to restrictions imposed by aircraft on the prohibition of carrying lithium batteries in passenger aircraft.

5, high cycle life

Under normal conditions, the charge and discharge cycle of a lithium ion battery can exceed 500 times, and lithium iron phosphate (hereinafter referred to as ferrophosphorus) can reach 2000 times.

6, no memory effect

The memory effect refers to the phenomenon that the capacity of the battery decreases during the charging and discharging cycle of the nickel-cadmium battery. Lithium-ion batteries do not have this effect.

7, fast charging

Using a constant current constant voltage charger with a rated voltage of 4.2V, the lithium ion battery can be fully charged in 1.5-2.5 hours; and the newly developed ferrophosphorus lithium battery can be fully charged in 35 minutes.

Lithium battery application

With the development of microelectronics technology in the twentieth century, the number of miniaturized devices is increasing, and high requirements are placed on power supplies. Lithium batteries have entered a large-scale practical stage.

The earliest applied lithium primary battery was used in pacemakers. Since the self-discharge rate of the lithium sub-battery is extremely low, the discharge voltage is very gentle. It makes it possible to implant the pacemaker into the human body for a long time.

Lithium-manganese batteries generally have a nominal voltage higher than 3.0 volts, and are more suitable for use as integrated circuit power supplies, and are widely used in computers, calculators, and watches.

Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in mobile phones, notebook computers, power tools, electric vehicles, street lamp backup power supplies, navigation lights, and small household appliances. It can be said to be the largest application group.

Development prospects of lithium batteries

Lithium batteries are widely used in energy storage power systems such as hydropower, firepower, wind power and solar power plants, uninterruptible power supplies for post and telecommunications, as well as power tools, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles, military equipment, aerospace and many other fields.

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in portable appliances such as laptops, camcorders, and mobile communications due to their unique performance advantages. The large-capacity lithium-ion battery currently developed has been trialed in electric vehicles and is expected to become one of the main power sources for electric vehicles in the 21st century, and will be used in satellite, aerospace and energy storage. With the shortage of energy and the pressure on the world's environmental protection. Lithium battery is now widely used in the electric vehicle industry, especially the emergence of lithium iron phosphate battery, which has promoted the development and application of the lithium battery industry.

Marine Casting

Marine Casting,Precision Castings,Investment Casting Parts,Investment Precision Casting

Dongying Highco Metal Manufacturing Co.,Ltd. , http://www.highco-metal.com