Since the reform and opening up, the rapid development of Chinese industry, but the "mass production, mass consumption, mass abandonment" of the extensive mode of development at the expense of the environment and waste of resources in exchange for immediate interests short-sighted behavior, the environmental quality has suffered an unprecedented hit: desertification area 174 Over 10,000 square kilometers, more than 90% of the natural grassland is degraded and biodiversity is reduced. The area of ​​water and soil loss is 356 square kilometers. Pollution in the rivers flowing through the cities is generally polluted, and the pollution of water sources, air and soil is deteriorating. The water quality is deteriorating , Pose a serious threat to the ecosystem, food safety and human health. According to statistics, about 360 million people in rural areas can not drink standard-compliant drinking water every year. Water resources are becoming a valuable strategic resource and have risen to major strategic issues that are crucial to the sustainable development of the country's economy and the long-term peace and stability. The challenges facing the shortage of water resources are serious, mainly as follows: A serious shortage of water resources The basic situation of water resources in China is that there are fewer people and less water, water and land are unevenly distributed in time and space, with less south and north, less hinterland and less plains in the coastal areas. Only 20% of the area north of the Yangtze River has arable land accounting for 64.6% Nearly 31% of the country is arid areas (annual rainfall below 250mm), the productivity distribution and water and land resources do not match, sharp contradiction between supply and demand, a great gap. Water pollution is serious Since the early reform and opening up, only focusing on the speed of development, ignoring the extensive mode of environmental impact of the development model, causing serious pollution of water resources: the river flows through the city are generally contaminated Sanjiang (Liaohe, Haihe, Huaihe) and three lakes (Taihu Lake, Dianchi and Chaohu Lake) were seriously polluted, and cyanobacteria often broke out. Among the 100 state-controlled sections at the top of the seven major nationalities, the proportions of Grade I-III, Grade IV-V and worse-than Grade V water quality were 36%, 40% and 24% . In addition, about 64% of urban groundwater is seriously polluted, and 33% of urban groundwater is slightly polluted. Recycling rate of water resources is low The inefficient use of water for industrial production has led to high costs and poor returns on output, with the GDP of unilateral water accounting for one third of the world average. In most cities in China, the waste of industrial water is serious, with an average of only 30-40% of the recycling rate. In 2009, the centralized treatment rate of urban domestic sewage in China was 63.42% on average, which can not be compared with the advanced countries. The promotion and management of water resources are not in place For a long time, the publicity and education for the shortage of water resources have not been enough. The guidance and inspector for scientific and effective use of water resources are not in place. The industrial, agricultural and domestic water management are in a deficit state. People are not aware of saving water and water is wasted in all walks of life. For example, the total water demand in 2010 was 730 billion tons, the available water supply was only 6200-6300 tons, the water shortage was 100 billion tons, and the urban water shortage was 6 billion tons. solution Fully protect and prudently mine groundwater Groundwater production in the 1970s and 1980s was 572 and 748 billion tons / year respectively, reaching 105.8 billion tons by the end of the 20th century and then above 100 billion tons and increasing by 2.5 billion tons annually. Over 400 of the country's 657 cities use groundwater as their drinking water source, 65% of domestic water in the northern region, 50% of industrial water and 33% of agricultural irrigation water. Groundwater in many areas such as Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang is in an over-exploited state. In 2008, 222 groundwater funnels of different sizes have been formed, mainly distributed in North China and East China. The underground funnel formed in North China Plain is about 30000 ~ 500000 square kilometers and has become the largest funnel distribution area in the world. 64% of the groundwater in 118 large and medium-sized cities belongs to heavier pollution and 33% belongs to mild pollution. Groundwater has been polluted to varying degrees by organic and inorganic toxic and harmful substances and shows a trend of increasing from point to surface, from shallow to deep and from urban to rural areas. The pollution in the north is more serious than in the south. Therefore, increasing the exploitation of groundwater can not fundamentally solve the problem of water shortage. Increase the direct use of sea water to work Britain, France, Holland, Italy and other countries in the thermal power generation, nuclear power, metallurgy and petrochemical industries such as desulfurization, oil injection, ice and printing and dyeing and other aspects, as well as life flushing, ash, washing, and fire etc. The direct use of seawater instead of fresh water. In 2010, the direct utilization of seawater in the world was nearly 600 billion tons, and the effect of saving fresh water resources was remarkable. In the coastal areas of China, such as electricity, chemical engineering and petrochemicals, seawater is used for DC cooling and circulation cooling, fire fighting system water and seawater flushing. In 2010, the direct utilization of seawater was 55 billion tons, of which about 90% was used as cooling water and its contribution rate was 16-24%. By 2020 it will reach 100 billion tons and the contribution rate will increase to 26-37%. 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