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A single Gigabit switch is connected to the core switch, which is connected to multiple NVRs. This only uses 22+1 ports, leaving 1 port. By the same token, if you want to use equipment such as video wall, the core switch is connected to a Gigabit switch, which just runs out of the network ports of the core switch. The digital monitoring matrix is ​​connected to this dedicated Gigabit switch. 
How to realize the 100-channel network camera monitoring program?
Many friends often mention a problem. How do you plan to monitor the project from start to finish? These questions are well asked. In fact, this is the process of monitoring the basics to getting started. Then let’s take a look at how to plan today? What if the 100-channel network camera monitoring solution is implemented? How to choose a device.
First, calculate the line bandwidth
The first step is to determine the bandwidth required for the video output of each camera. The camera parameter introduction is generally called "compressed output bit rate". Almost all cameras, this parameter can be manually adjusted, and the general adjustable range is several hundred K to 8M or 16M. Different models of different manufacturers have different adjustable ranges. This is up to you depending on your image clarity requirements. For example, it is assumed here that the compression output code rate of each camera is 4 megabytes. The 100 cameras are 400 megabytes.
Generally, several cameras share one switch. A switch directly connected to the camera can use a 100M switch. Several cameras are connected to a switch based on the geographic distribution of the camera. This type of switch can choose 5-port, 8-port, and 12-port 100M switch. They can connect up to 4, 7 and 11 cameras respectively. In order to facilitate the difference, the above switch directly connected to the camera can be referred to as an "access layer switch".
Of course, if some cameras are concentrated, 12 or 24 ports of the switch can connect 11 or 23 cameras, and the camera output code rate is relatively large, the total output code rate exceeds 100 megabytes, then the switch must be a Gigabit switch. It can be a 22-port 100-megabit + 2-port Gigabit switch.
Multiple access layer switches are connected to a dedicated switch, referred to herein as a "core layer switch." Here you need to determine whether the aggregation layer switch uses a 100M or Gigabit switch and uses several interfaces.
If the access layer switch is 8-port, each has 7 cameras. Then the 100-channel camera requires 15 access layer switches. Then the core layer switch can choose a 24-port switch, which is 20 or 22 100M interfaces, 4 or 2 Gigabit interfaces.
However, the access layer switch has a Gigabit switch, so the core layer switch must have all ports Gigabit.
In a special case, 100 cameras have a large distribution area. The length of the network cable between devices cannot exceed 100 meters. If there is a distance between some access layer switches and the core switch, a transition switch can be added between the access layer switch and the core layer switch to perform the relay. This will extend the distance.
How to distance further, such as seven, eight hundred meters, or even further, then do not use the switch to do the relay. A pair of fiber optic transceivers are used, one connected by a network cable next to the core layer switch and the other adjacent to the network line by the access layer switch. The two fiber optic transceivers are connected by fiber optics.
However, it is important to note the problems of single mode fiber and multimode fiber. If it is a single-mode fiber, the transceiver must also be single-mode, only need to use one fiber. There is no need to consider the length and length within a few kilometers. Because there are many technical standards, there are many distances. If it is a multimode fiber, the transceiver must be a multimode fiber, a pair of fibers, a distance of five or six hundred meters, and more than 2 kilometers.
In short, no matter how you design, the amount of data actually flowing on each line cannot exceed the theoretical maximum of this line.
Second, calculate the amount of hard disk storage required
After calculation, if the camera compression output code rate is 1M (note that its unit is b/s or bps, lowercase b is bit), 1 camera will produce 10GB (note uppercase to byte) data volume. 100 cameras for 30 days, with a data volume of 30,000 GB. (Note that the compression output code rate is 1M).
If it is 2M, then the amount of data is 60,000 GB. If it is 4M, it is 120000 GB of data. Calculated on the market 4T hard drive, it shows about 3700GB on the computer. Considering that the file system itself maintains data in the hard disk, it takes a certain amount of space, and it is estimated that it can actually use about 3500 GB.
100 cameras store one month hard drive calculations:
1M code rate, 30000GB, requires 9 hard drives.
2M code rate, 60,000GB, requires 18 hard drives.
4M code rate, 120,000GB, requires 35 hard drives.
8M code rate, 240000GB, requires 69 hard drives.
DVRs can only be used with one or two hard disks, and some are hard disks with 8 hard disks or 12 hard disks. But the price is not cheap.
You can also use a storage server. Two servers are required for 2M code rate and 4M code rate. 8M bit rate, can be a 48-disk server, a 24-bay server. Or use the storage server + hard disk cabinet solution. These programs can calculate price trade-offs on their own.
Take four 32-channel recorders, each connecting 25 cameras, to calculate how much storage space a 25 camera needs. How many hard drives are enough?
If there is enough one, there is no problem, the choice is very wide; if you need two hard drives, then the recorder must support dual hard drives (also pay attention to the maximum support for large capacity hard drives); if you need 4 hard drives, then the recorder will have Support 4 hard drives; if you need 8 hard drives, then the recorder will support 8 hard drives; (the machine that supports 8 hard drives can find a few)
There is also a special case. If you have a large amount of storage and 8 hard drives are not enough, you can only reduce the number of cameras connected to each recorder. For example, 5 video recorders, each with 20 cameras. The calculation method is the same as above. Or 6 video recorders, each with 16 or 17 cameras and so on. Multiple video recorders can be connected to small-sized displays, or a common display, and switched with a VGA switch, mainly for playback or video extraction. Or not connected to the display.
Third, the splicing screen
Then you have to decide whether to splicing 4 screens (2 × 2) or 9 stitching (2 × 2) or other. Naturally, I need a few LCD monitors for splicing. The digital monitoring matrix will have multiple video output signals, which are connected to the liquid crystal display by wired VGA or HDMI respectively. The digital monitoring matrix is ​​connected to the core switch through a network cable. This core switch is also connected to the network DVR. Logically, you can think of a digital monitoring matrix as a video recorder, except that it only displays video and does not save video. As for the quantity. The general digital monitoring matrix is ​​one; the splicing screen is 4, 9, etc., according to how many screens you need to splicing. Of course, choosing a digital monitoring matrix requires it to support several screens, as well as specific features.
For example, whether multiple screens can be displayed separately, whether multiple screens can display one screen as a whole, etc., but don't forget the mounting bracket of the video wall. How do you fix 4, 9 or 16 monitors?
Note that some manufacturers' digital monitoring matrix can install the corresponding digital monitoring matrix management software on the computer, which is what you can display in the computer to modify the digital monitoring matrix.
Fourth, the fourth question
Indeed, as you said, 22 access switches use the fiber optic transceiver to enter the equipment room, even the core switch. The core switch is connected to the NVR. But if you choose a 24-port switch, then only 2 ports can be connected to the NVR. In other words, only two NVRs can be connected. Unless you choose a 36-port switch, the 36-gigabit switch is also cheaper than seven or eight thousand.
Feel free to adopt some flexible methods
Workaround 1
The entire monitoring network is split into two parts, and two 16-port Gigabit switches are used to connect 11 access switches. In this way, there are 5 ports left, 1 port is connected to the top segment of the switch, and the remaining 4 ports can be used to connect to the NVR, and up to 4 can be connected. This assumes that your network will use 4 NVRs. That one core switch only needs two. The core switch on the other side is the same.
The 16-port Gigabit switch is cheaper. Two 16-port Gigabit switches are connected by another 8-port, 12-port or 16-port Gigabit switch. It takes a few mouths to use a few mouthpieces depending on the video wall device (digital monitoring matrix).
Workaround 2
Workaround three
In the actual wiring process, some access switches (A) can be connected to another access switch (B). The access switch (A) is not directly connected to the core switch, and the access switch (B) is connected to the core switch, so that the access switch (A) is indirectly connected to the core switch through the access switch (B).
This method can consider the connection method according to the actual geographical distribution of your camera, as long as the actual required bandwidth of the network cable between the access switch (B) and the core switch is less than one hundred megabytes. That is to say, the number of cameras connected to the access switch (B) should include the number of all cameras under the access switch (A). This method is applied to the case where the two access switches are relatively close. This can be connected by a network cable. This also saves a fiber and a pair of fiber transceivers.
Of course, it is necessary to have multiple NVRs (assuming four) and a digital monitoring matrix (assuming four network cables are connected). Need a lot of network ports. That's a total of eight, then 24 ports of the switch, only 16 ports can be used to connect to the switch.
For 22 access switches, only 16 of them can be directly connected to the core switch, and the remaining 6 access switches are connected to another access switch. Of course, these three methods can be combined.
However, it should be noted that no matter how the network is connected, the maximum bandwidth of the actual data transmitted on each network cable must not exceed the maximum value of the network cable. It is recommended to use the theoretical maximum value of 10%, 100 megabytes for 90 megabytes, 1000. Mega in accordance with 900 trillion, for insurance)
The connection method of the digital monitoring matrix can also be: there are many network ports on a single digital monitoring matrix, as long as these network ports are all connected to the core switch. The digital monitoring matrix also has multiple VGA or HMDI interfaces, which can be connected to multiple LCD monitors by VGA or HMDI.